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Female participation and advancement in majority Muslim countries, or nations in which more than 50% of the population identifies as an adherent of the Islamic faith, has traditionally been areas of controversy. Several Western nations〔Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-41365-X.〕 such as the United States and Western Europe have criticised majority Muslim nations for the lack of involvement and opportunity for women in the private sector.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Millennial Christians' Top 25 Worst Fears - OnFaith )〕〔http://www.waterandgender.net/share/img_documents/15_rep_so1.pdf. William Beach, Time Kane (15 January 2008) for reasons such as this.〕〔Andrews, Helena. "Muslim Women Don't See Themselves as Oppressed, Survey Finds." New York Times 8 June 2006: n. pag. Print.〕 Low levels of female labor participation, large wage gaps by gender, and few female executives in large companies in majority Muslim nations are common criticisms of these nations.〔〔 Accordingly, significant data has been gathered by global institutions about female workers in majority Muslim nations to test these cultural beliefs. Development economists and multinational organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, and the International Labor Organization, have gathered significant amounts of data to study the labor contributions of and commercial opportunities for women.〔〔〔〔World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Rep. Washington DC: World Bank, 2011. Print〕〔Perkins, Dwight H., Steven Radelet, and David L. Lindauer. Economics of Development. 6th ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. Print〕 ==Majority Muslim nations== There are fifty-one countries in the world in which more than 50% of the population identify as Muslims.〔"Muslim Population by Country". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 December 2011.〕 These countries spread from North Africa, to the Middle East, to the Balkans and Central Asia, to Southeast Asia. While many nations contain a strong Muslim presence, majority Muslim nations, by definition, have more Muslims as citizens than non-Muslims. Not all majority Muslim states, however, have Islam as their established religion. Turkey, for example, is a prominent Muslim country in which 99% of the population follows some form of Islam.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World Factbook )〕 However, there is no official religion. The state is secular. Nigeria is also a majority Muslim country which is officially secular.〔(CIA Factbook -Nigeria ).〕 Most majority Muslim nations, however, recognize Islam as the official state religion. Furthermore, many states identify a specific derivative of the Islamic faith as their official religion. For example, sunni Islam is the official state religion of: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Somalia, and the United Arab Emirates.〔(CIA Factbook ).〕 Shia Islam is the official religion of Iran, which is a theocracy. Some minority Islamic sects are official state religions as well.Ibadi, a minority school within Islam, is the official religion of Oman.〔(CIA Factbook -Oman ).〕 Not all states in the Muslim World institutionalize a distinction between the sects of Islam. In Pakistan and Iraq, Islam as a faith, is recognized as the official religion.〔"Population: 190,291,129 (July 2012 est.)" Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-26.〕 All sects or schools are included. In Egypt, freedom of religion is extended to the Abrahamic religions even though Sunni Islam is the state-sponsored religion. Similarly, Indonesia, which is the world's largest Muslim country, guarantees freedom of religion but only recognizes six official religions. Islam is one of and the most prominent of the six. Despite a common religion, majority Muslim nations are quite disparate in terms of size, population, demographic composition, and the legal framework of religion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Female labor force in the Muslim world」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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